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Physical Properties
m.p. / b.p. index of refraction
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Infrared Spectroscopy
(Functionalities)
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Chemical reactions:
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Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
(Unsaturation: double bonds)
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Combustion:
% C,H,N,O plus others, [O], etc.
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NMR Spectroscopy
(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)
Atom attachments: 1H,13C,15N
& Others
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Reduction [H]:
Degrees of unsaturation
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Mass Spectroscopy
High Energy Fragments; GC/MS: Low Conc. (ppb)
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Synthetic Derivatives (Solids: m.p.)
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OTHER:
ESR / CD / ORD
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