Spectroscopy Tables pdf

Activity 1: IR Spectroscopy: Handout [Group] &  Exp. 13 Lehman (modified), [Individual]

FORMS: IR (Infrared) Spectrosopy.pdf; MS: Mass Spectrometry.pdf (MS data for the individual unknowns is provided by Dr. R. in response to your e-mail reply to the assignment from first class meeting.)

High Resolution MS data for unknown compounds

Beynon Table

 

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IR Resources:
Spectroscopy for the Organic Chemistry Student from Professor Paul R. Young: University of Illinois, Chicago Organic Chemistry OnLine: Spectroscopy
Section VIa (IR Background): Infrared Spectroscopy
Tutorial Problem Set ( Ten Problems):
Infrared Spectroscopy Problem Set

Infrared Basic Tutorial with six practice problems California State University, Stanislaus

IR Wizard from Steffan (St.) Thomas, University of Potsdam, Germany. A query based tool in English and German. Useful in self-learning-testing applications. Supply a wave number (cm^-1) and a table of possibilities is produced with chemical functions that have the value within their range of peak frequencies. Pages are cleanly designed and the built-in search engine works well.

NIST Chemistry Webbook
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry
Free government database that includes numerous compounds. Provides a variety of data: physical, thermodynamic and spectroscopic. IR and MS spectra available for a portion of the compounds in the data base. An excellent resource.

Spectral Data Base System for Organic Compounds
http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/SDBS/
SDBS: Integrated Spectral Data Base System for Organic Compounds, a searchable database that contains: MS (ca 18,000 spectra), 13C NMR (ca 9,700 spectra), Compound Dictionary, 1H NMR (ca 10,100 spectra, 29,000 compounds)  add IR and Raman. 

Interactive Tutorial: University of Alberta
http://www.chem.ualberta.ca/~orglabs/spectroscopy/specmaster.html
An excellent resource for practice in prediction and interpretation.

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Mass Spectrometry:

Mass Spectrometer Animated Tutorial Dr. Thomas Poon, Colby College mass spectrometer Shockwave Interactive Tutorial: Instrument Function, Data Generation, Intrepretation and More. (127 kB)

Spectroscopy for the Organic Chemistry Student from Professor Paul R. Young: University of Illinois, Chicago Organic Chemistry OnLine: Spectroscopy
Section VIc (Background): Mass Spectroscopy
Tutorial Problem Set (Five Problems)
Mass Spectroscopy Problem Set


MS Fragment Wizard from Steffan (St.) Thomas, University of Potsdam, Germany. A query based tool in English and German. Useful in self-learning-testing applications. Supply m/e value and a list of possibilities for the fragment or mass loss fragment is produced with links to exact mass and isotope distribution calculators. Pages are cleanly designed and the built-in search engine works well. 

SDBS Mass Spectrometry Database A collection of spectra for over 200 relatively simple organic compounds containing up to 30 carbon atoms


NIST Chemistry Webbook
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry
Free government database that includes numerous compounds. Provides a variety of data: physical, thermodynamic and spectroscopic. IR and MS spectra available for a portion of the compounds in the data base. An excellent resource.

MRI Photos
http://www.simplyphysics.com/flying_objects.html

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Activity 2: ¹H NMR Spectroscopy

FORM: ¹H NMR Spectrosopy: Interpretation & Prediction; Reactions.pdf

Interactive Tutorial: University of Alberta
http://www.chem.ualberta.ca/~orglabs/spectroscopy/specmaster.html
An excellent resource for practice in prediction and interpretation.

The Basics of NMR: Dr. Joseph Hornak  http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/nmr-main.htm

¹ H and ¹³C NMRs :

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

Example compound: ¹H nmr - example

Prediction & Interpretation: (Could also be Interpretation and Comparison.)

1. Identify the protons as equivalent or diastereotopic or enantiotopic.
2. Predict the chemical shifts and mutliplicities.
3. Draw the spectrum.
4. Compare to example.
   
   ¹H nmr data for your individual unknown is to be generated using the department's 60 MHz FT-NMR spectrometer.
   

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Activity 3: ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy

FORM: ¹³C NMR Spectrosopy: Interpretation & Prediction; Reactions.pdf

The Basics of NMR: Dr. Joseph Hornak  http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/nmr-main.htm

¹ H and ¹³C NMRs :

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

Example compound: ¹³C nmr - example

Prediction & Interpretation: (Could also be Interpretation and Comparison.)

1. Identify the carbons as equivalent or different.
2. Predict the chemical shifts and mutliplicities. (Decoupled)
3. Draw the spectrum.
4. Compare to example.
   
   ¹³C nmr data for your individual unknown is to be generated using the department's 60 MHz FT-NMR spectrometer.
   
   ¹³C nmr: Worksheet spectrum

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NMR:

Spectroscopy for the Organic Chemistry Student from Professor Paul R. Young: University of Illinois, Chicago Organic Chemistry OnLine: Spectroscopy
Section VIb Background: ¹H & ¹³C NMR
Tutorial Problem Sets (Ten ¹H & Five ¹³C Problems)
¹H & ¹³C NMR Problem Set


Proton Chemical Shift Table California State University, Stanislaus

Proton NMR Wizardfrom Steffan (St.) Thomas, University of Potsdam, Germany. A query based nmr tool in English and German. Useful in self-learning/testing applications. Supply a chemical shift value and a table of possibilities is produced with ranges of chemical shifts. Pages are cleanly designed and the built-in search engine works well.

¹³C Chemical Shift Calculator University of Potsdam, Germany, Produces¹³C spectra for phenyls, biphenyls, pyridines and pyridazines.

NMR Spectroscopy Problems On-Line:

Prof. Browne: University of Alberta
http://www.chem.ualberta.ca/~orglabs/spectroscopy/specmaster.html

Prof. Merlic, UCLA, WebSpectra
http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~webspectra/

Prof. Smith, Notre Dame
www.nd.edu/~smithgrp/structure/workbook.html

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INTEGRATED ANALYSES:

Interpretation:
IR- example, ¹H nmr - example, MS - example, table ¹³C nmr - example
Example compound:



Review the structural assignment of each of the on-line compounds reconciling any differences in earlier assignments and considering in toto: IR, MS
¹H & ¹³C nmr data.

Apply IR data , MS data (provided by Dr. R.), and ¹H & ¹³C nmr data to your individual unknown. NMR data generated using the department's 60 MHz FT-NMR spectrometer. Be sure that the structural assignment is complete and accurate.

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Integrated Quiz/ Problems:

Spectroscopy for the Organic Chemistry Student from Professor Paul R. Young: University of Illinois, Chicago Organic Chemistry OnLine: Spectroscopy

Multiple Choice Quiz: Spectroscopy -----

Integrated Problems (Ten Problems}

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Activity 4:

NMR Spectroscopy in Context (handouts)

1) Integrated Spectroscopy and Reaction Chemistry: Analysis of a Draft for Publication - pdf
----- Spectra - pdf
----- Team Form - pdf

"Is Peer Review Broken?", The Scientist, Volume 20 | Issue 2 | Page 26, (February 2006)
http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/23061/

2) Dehydration of 1-ethyl-2-methylcyclohexanol: NMR application to determine the respective distribution of kinetic and thermodynamic products. See:

NMRs of 1- and 3-methyl cyclopentene and their mixture.
NMR QuickTime Movie (156Kb)

NOTE: Check List must be completed as a pre-lab before you may start each lab. You should be able to describe each skill that is to be used in the lab to Dr. R.. Upon lab completion of the lab you should be able to demonstrate and to teach someone the skills that you applied. "Certification" is optional.

Skills & Operations:	Experiments
1. Cleaning and Drying Glassware.  2. Using Standard-Taper Glassware.  3. Using Glass Rod and Tubing.  4. Weighing.  5. Measuring Volume.  6. Heating.  7. Cooling.  8. Temperature Monitoring.  9. Mixing. 10. Addition of Reactants. 11. Gravity Filtration. 12. Vacuum Filtration. 13. Extraction. 14. Evaporation. 15. Steam Distillation. 16. Column Chromatography. 17. Thin-Layer Chromatography. 18. Paper Chromatography. 19. Washing Liquids. 20. Drying Liquids. 21. Drying Solids. 22. Drying and Trapping Gases. 23. Recrystallization. 24. Sublimation. 25. Simple Distillation. 26. Vacuum Distillation. 27. Fractional Distillation. 28. Melting Point. 29. Boiling Point. 30. Refractive Index. 31. Optical Rotation. 32. Gas Chromatography. 33. High Performance Liquid Chromatography. 34. Infrared Spectrometry. 35. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry. 36. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrometry. 37. Mass Spectrometry.	Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution / Friedel Crafts Acylation (Handouts) Chiral Compounds and Green Chemistry: Reduction of a ketone by sodium borohydride and baker’s yeast (Handouts) Minilab #37: Hydrolysis Rate of Esters (Handouts) Insect Repellant: Deet Synthesis- Lehman Exp. 45: Explorations 1, 2, 3 Minilab 34: Lehman Dimedone: Lehman Exp. 47 Synthesis of a bioregulator: 1-phenyl-3-(4-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-2-(E)-propen-1-one (Handouts) Flatulence / Carbohydrates / Digestion / Enzymes Separation and Identification of Unknowns

Experiments:

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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution / Friedel Crafts Acylation (Handouts)

a) Nitration Quicktime Movie
b)  Bromination Quicktime Movie
c)  Acylation Quicktime Movie

Summary (Group/Typed) to include: (NOTE: Items #1-4 should follow a common journal format, click here for an example )

1) Reactions and structures (Either drawn with a template [See Dr. R. if you plan this approach] or using ISIS Draw; a free/downloadable drawing program),
2) Concise experimental procedures with % yield of each of the synthesis,
3) IR/NMR spectroscopy data,
4) Physical data: boiling point, index of refraction
5) Answers to the assigned questions; Lehman Questions for final report: #7, pg. 282; #6, pg. 290; #6 & #7 pg. 299
6) Attached copies of each group member’s raw lab research notebook pages, which should be clearly and legibly written in the format described in the course syllabus to include title, name, date, etc.
7) A typed invoice for NSF that includes the itemized billable man/woman hours for each group member committed to the syntheses, the total hours for the group, the $/hour charge that you think reasonable and the total $ charge. NSF’s remittance will be translated into a grade for the group; all members receiving the same grade.

Individual RESULTS & Group Results:
(NOTE: Your individual grade will be subject to adjustment based on the results of a private, confidential survey within the group of each group member’s performance and contribution.)

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Lehman: Minilab 37
Hydrolysis Rate of Esters in strong base: Work in pairs; turn in one completed lab form per group.





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Lehman: Experiment 47, Synthesis of Dimedone (modified): Determine the m.p., run the NMR and IR on your product and turn in with:

Questions: Lehman pg. 379, #5 & #9, and:
a) Explain how IR could be used to determine the enol content.
b) Using the nmr spectrum for dimedone that is provided from the link below, calculate the percent of  the enol present in the sample.
dimedone NMR
c) Using your value in question b) calculate the equilibrium constant K.
d) Repeat questions b) and c) using your nmr spectrum, calculate the percent difference vs. B) and c), and explain what might cause any differences and how (eg. temperature differences).

See similar chemistry that can be used in the preparation of oak moss odorant: http://hjem.get2net.dk/bojensen/Oakmoss/Oakmoss.htm

It illustrates one method of synthesis of 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid methyl ester, the most important odour component in Oakmoss, Evernia prunastri (Usneaceae).
It has a very powerful odour - earthy, woody, phenolic - characteristic of some lichenes, and is much used in perfumery, in low concentration.
References:
1) Sonn A, Berichte 1929;62B:3012
2) Eur.Pat. 133,960 (Chem.Abstr 1986;105:226057x)
3) Bauer K, Garbe D, Surburg H (1990) Common fragrance and flavor materials. Preparation, properties and uses. 2'nd rev. ed. VCH Germany.

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Lehman: Minilab 34, Preparation of Aldol Condensation Products

(Assignments)
Prepare a "mini"- report following the text's instructions (procedure can be omitted), in addition also include an IR and an NMR with your interpretation of the spectra.

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Lehman: Minilab 39, Synthesis of Dimedone Derivatives

Prepare a "mini"- report following the text's instructions (procedure can be omitted).

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Library Research / Organic Synthesis (Instructions)
A legacy to Heather



Calibrated Peer Review (CPR)

Design and Development of Drugs
http://cpr.molsci.ucla.edu/

1) You are to read an article from the Journal of Chemical Education about organic synthesis and the history of many drugs and medicines,
K.C. Nicolaou, et. al., JChemEd, 75, 1226-1258, (1998); pdf files: Reading-1.pdf; Reading-2.pdf.
2) Learn about the way that one drug (aspirin) was discovered and how chemists contributed to its improvement.
3) Learn to identify new synthetic methods necessary in drug synthesis and future drug development.
4) Learn about a widely used approach to the rapid development of new chemical compounds using “Combinatorial Synthesis” and how “chemical libraries” (in a non-traditional sense) are used.
5) Write an essay explaining how aspirin was developed, the methods chemists currently use to develop new and better drugs, which can be applied to any area including nano-materials, and the future of organic synthesis.

Library Research

DVC Library
http://www.dvc.edu/library/
DVC On-line Databases
http://www.dvc.edu/library/databases.htm

UC Berkeley Chemistry Library & Maps: Campus, Zoom in, Chem Library
Chem Library Homepage: http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/CHEM/
March 2006, UC Berkeley Chem Library Calendar Hours

UCB Pathfinder
http://sunsite2.berkeley.edu:8000/
UC Davis
http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/
http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/pse/databases/index.html
University of Texas
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/Chem/info/  
ERIC: Educational Resources Information Center
http://www.eric.ed.gov/

Examples of Some past papers:
     Ibogaine
       Leinamycin
       Ascorbic Acid
       Gibberellic Acid

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Synthetic Challenges: Earn $$$ for your knowledge and imagination!
 

• http://www.innocentive.com/

For example:

INNOCENTIVE 861088                                          Substituted Propionic Acid                                         POSTED: APR 22, 2003                                         DEADLINE: JUL 30,                                         2003                                          $30,000 USD

 

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Insect Repellant: Deet Synthesis- Lehman Exp. 45:
Refer to: http://ep.llnl.gov/msds/orgchem/Chem227/deet-ex-2005.html

(1) Read Lehman pp.353-362 & Chemical Toxicity, Risk & Regulation; (2) Complete Selected/Assigned Exercises from: Malathion: assignments 2005

• Exploration 1: http://chemconnections.llnl.gov/organic/Chem227/chem-risk/
• Exploration 2: http://chemconnections.llnl.gov/msds/organic/Chem227/chem-risk/explore-2.html
• Exploration 3: http://chemconnections.llnl.gov/organic/Chem227/chem-risk/explore-3.html
• Insects as Pests: http://chemconnections.llnl.gov/msds/modules/Malathion-Module/pests.html
• Pesticides and Pest Control: http://ep.llnl.gov/msds/Malathion-Module/pesticides.html

(2) Complete the synthetic procedure, purify a portion for IR and NMR analysis of your product. Answer questions 5, 6 & 7, pg. 362.

Extra:
See: http://ep.llnl.gov/msds/orgchem/Chem226/ChemComm.html

Read the linked article "Love Molecules". Identify the structure of the elephant pheromone and outline a synthesis of the compound starting from heptanoic acid lactone, 1-bromopentane, acetic anhydride and any other reagents that you chose.

  (3) Enzymes & biological activity

• Amino Acids: http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/BiochemMols/AAViewer/
• Proteins: http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/PPS2/course/index.html


Enzyme Docking (683K QuickTime Movie)
 

• Trypsin musically: Man or Mouse? http://chemconnections.llnl.gov/music/midi-dna.html


Enzyme catalyzed hydrolysis: Trypsin : p-nitrophenylacetate (498K, QuickTime Movie)
 

• Cholinesterase: http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/molecules/pdb54_1.html
• Acetylcholinesterase: http://ep.llnl.gov/msds/Columbia/ace1.html
• Hemoglobin / Sickle Cell: http://ep.llnl.gov/msds/Columbia/slide8-3.html 
• Molecular Structure Files: http://ep.llnl.gov/msds/pdb/pdb-structures.html
• Klotho Biochemical Data base: http://www.ibc.wustl.edu/klotho/
• Biomolecular Data Base: http://ep.llnl.gov/msds/mc2dbase.html

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Separation and Identification of Unknown

High Resolution Masses for unknowns

Beynon Table:
http://www.chm.davidson.edu/java/beynon/beynon.html

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The Chemistry of Flour:

http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/bread/index.html


http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/bread/activity-gluten.html
http://members.lycos.nl/ClassoFoods/ukindex.html

  Bread Recipes:
        http://www.recipesource.com/baked-goods/breads/

Molecular model of the spiral structure formed by the HMW subunits of glutenin.

The model was developed by Drs. O. Parchment and D. Osguthorpe at the University of Bath, U.K.

Peter Shewry, et. al., http://www.pbi.nrc.ca/bulletin/sept97/intro.html

1) Glutenin and gliadin have very few charged amino acids. Therefore, flours are not very soluble in water. However, about 35-40% of the amino acid residues in the proteins are glutamine. Using intermolecular chemical principles, briefly explain why the glutamine distribution can relate to flour interacting with water to form dough.

2) List the flours used in increasing order of gluten content and compare them to your ranking of dough elasticity. Explain theoretically what chemical effects lemon juice and salt might have on the elasticity of dough. 3) What pattern in side chain functionality is observed in (a) Highly Hydrophilic amino acids and (b) Hydrophobic amino acids?

4) What two amino acids form the non-nutritive sweetener, Aspartame? Which optical isomers, R- and/or S-, do you think are used in Aspartame? Briefly explain your answer.

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Chiral Compounds and Green Chemistry: Reduction of a ketone by sodium borohydride and baker’s yeast




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Carbohydrates, Glycoproteins and Related:
 
• Carbohydrates: 1) Exercise/Worksheet; 2) Form Adaptation of UCSC/ Cabrillo College Molecular Models for Exercise/Worksheet
• Carbohydrates (University of Akron): http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/genobc/Chapter_17/
  • Carbohydrate Active Enzymes: http://afmb.cnrs-mrs.fr/;
    http://afmb.cnrs-mrs.fr/rubrique117.html

  
  Bio-Recognition: Saccharides, Proteins, Influenza, SARS, HIV
   

  Birds, Swine, Influenza & Us:
  
  • "Why does the flu appear every year?", A one act play from the Chemlinks Module by Prof. Andy Mobley, Grinnell College

  
  
  Click on the above image for the 2003 Performance:
  http://chemconnections.llnl.gov/Organic/Chem227/Flu-slides/index.html
  
  
  Click on the above image for the 2006 Performances:
  Influenza 2006 Performances: Movie (17MB)

  • Flu Pandemics: http://ep.llnl.gov/msds/Dbase/FLU_PANDEMIC-NYT-11-92.html  SARS (Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrone):
  • World Health Organization (WHO)
  
  http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/
  • Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
  
  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/
  • http://www.promedmail.org
  • http://www.nejm.com
  
   
  • HIV
  • HIV overcomes almost every antibody that attaches to its surface protein, gp120. The virus copies itself rapidly and mutates frequently, creating a staggering number of viral strains, which makes it a formidable challenge for antibodies to control. It has also evolved to effect the "primitive" innate immune system as well.
  • HIV evolved to avoid 2 virus controlling enzymes in the innate immune system: Ref-1 & CEM 15
  
  

  
  

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  Synthesis of a bioregulator: 1-phenyl-3-(4-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-2-(E)-propen-1-one

  

  
  Plant Hormones (phytohormones) are divided into five groups: cytokinins, abscisins, gibberellins, auxins, and ethylene. These groups interact and control the overall development of plant organs (eg. leaves, stems, roots, fruit) and effect plant behavior in relation to environmental conditions. Auxins control cell growth and are involved with plant functions such as phototropism (growing toward light), suppressing abscission (shedding: leaves, stalks, fruit, diseased parts), enhancing fruit production, and inhibiting growth. In this experiment you will prepare a synthetic auxin, which promotes the production of a carotenoid, lycopene. Carotenoids are highly conjugated and absorb ultraviolet radiation. They are colored and provide protection from sunlight and ultraviolet damage.
  
  The synthesis involves two steps. The first is an aldol condensation of the enolate of acetophenone with p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The resulting phenoxide that occurs in the reaction mixture is then directly used as a nucleophile and reacted with diethyl aminoethyl chloride.
  The bioassay of the product measures its effectiveness by determining the mass percent of lycopene produced by carotogenesis over a period of several days through the Beer’s Law analysis of the lycopene concentration.
  
  Organize into a group of four. Split the group in half: one half as Team A and the other Team B. Select which group will do the synthesis: Parts A & B, and which group will do the bioassay Parts: C & D. One report will be submitted per group and include the post lab questions.
  The entire group is to answer all of the prelab questions before beginning. The individual Teams are to independently complete the Aldehyde & Ketone Synthesis Worksheet and Enolate Molecular Modeling exercise.

   
   
   

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  Flatulence / Carbohydrates / Digestion / Enzymes
    : Reading / instructions:
  Flatulence-I.pdf

  Experimental Data / Questions:
  Flatulence-II.pdf

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  Vision:
  • Exercise to be done before doing the assigned reading:

  Click on each of the birds in the following table one at a time. When opened you will see a page with a colored bird on the left and an empty cage on the right. Focus your eyes on the bird's eye and slowly count to twenty; then quickly shift your view to the center of the empty cage. Record what you observe for each bird and then refer to the color wheel in the Web-link below. Write a brief description relating your results to the color wheel, comparing pairs of colors and their relative locations on the wheel. Also refer to the MC² emission and absorption spectrum simulation tools to vary colors. These can be linked from the MC² Java Applets page.

  Bird 1

  Bird 2

  Bird 3

  
  Exercise adapted from the Exploratorium's Snacks: http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/bird_in_cage.html

  • Color Wheel
  • MC² Java Applets: http://mc2.cchem.berkeley.edu/Java/
  
   
  • Assigned Background Reading:
  • Genetech's Access Excellence: http://www.gene.com/ae/AE/AEC/CC/vision_background.html Collected Chemistry & Biochemistry: Adapted from various sources, including ChemFinder and Metabolic Pathways, Genome Project (Japan) http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/metabolism_menu.html : http://chemconnections.llnl.gov/organic/Chem227/Vision/chem-vision.html and others.
  • Functional Properties of Rhodopsin:http://www.isat.jmu.edu/users/klevicca/isat280/DETAILS.HTM

  
  

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  Questions:
  How many different types of cone cells are there in the eye that respond to color?

  What do you think the color of these cells might be if they were viewable to you?

  Based on the experiment done in class,sketch the eye and illustrate where on the retina these cells are located.

  Color	Wave length (nm)
  Violet	390-455
  Dark Blue	455-485
  Light Blue	455-485
  Green	505-550
  Yellow-Green	550-575
  Yellow	575-585
  Orange	585-620
  Red	620-760

  

  
  

  • You will need Chime, beta ver. 2.0, or RasMol to answer the following questions. The above image is retinal bound to rhodopsin, a vision protein that occurs in rod cells. How many helices and how many beta-sheets are found in rhoposin? Is the retinal in the all trans form or cis form? (Hint, the command: select hetero will select the retinal). Rhodopsin.PDB Name three enzymes related to"rhodopsin" that are also involved with rods and human vision. List the enzymes respective uv/visible absorbtion maxima and what color you would expect each of them to be? Postulate in molecular terms a brief explanation of the "experimental bird-watching" results noting probable changes to cellular enzymes in the cones that relate to your observed color changes and what the uv/visible absorbtion maxima of the enzymes might be?
  • What structural features common to retinoids and carotenes contribute to their importance in vision?

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  The Human Genome:

  http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/genome/index.html
  Codons:
   

  1 GCA17 CUC33 GUG	49 GAU
  2 CCC18 CUA34 AAU	50 GAC
  3 GUU19 UUU35 AAC	51 CGU
  4 CUU20 CUG36 CAG	52 UAG
  5 UUG21 UAU37 UGU	53 AAG
  6 AUG22 UAC38 CGC	54 UGG
  7 CCU23 UAA39 GGU	55 AGG
  8 GCC24 AAA40 GGC	56 GAG
  9 GCU25 UGA41 GGA	57 GAA
  10 UCG26 AGA42 GGG	58 CCG
  11 AUA27 AGC43 CGA	59 UCC
  12 UUA28 AGU44 CGG	60 ACC
  13 UUC29 GCG45 UGC	61 ACU
  14 AUC30 CCA46 CAA	62 UCU
  15 UCA31 GUC47 CAC	63 AUU
  16 ACG32 GUA48 CAU	64 ACA

  (2003)
  SARS: Genetic translation
  1 HLKNGTCGLVELEKGVLPQLEQPYVFIKRSDALSTNHGHKVVELVAEMDGIQYGRSGI
  2 TLGVLVPHVGETPIAYRNVLLRKNGNKGAGGHSYGIDLKSYDLGDELGTDPIEDYEQN
  3 WNTKHGSGALRELTRELNGGAVTRYVDNNFCGPDGYPLDCIKDFLARAGKSMCTLSEQ
  4 LDYIESKRGVYCCRDHEHEIAWFTERSDKSYEHQTPFEIKSAKKFDTFKGECPKFVFP
  5 LNSKVKVIQPRVEKKKTEGFMGRIRSVYPVASPQECNNMHLSTLMKCNHCDEVSWQTC
  6 DFLKATCEHCGTENLVIEGPTTCGYLPTNAVVKMPCPACQDPEIGPEHSVADYHNHSN
  7 IETRLRKGGRTRCFGGCVFAYVGCYNKRAYWVPRASADIGSGHTGITGDNVETLNEDL
  8 LEILSRERVNINIVGDFHLNEEVAIILASFSASTSAFIDTIKSLDYKSFKTIVESCGN
  9 YKVTKGKPVKGAWNIGQQRSVLTPLCGFPSQAAGVIRSIFARTLDAANHSIPDLQRAA
  10 VTILDGISEQSLRLVDAMVYTSDLLTNSVIIMAYVTGGLVQQTSQWLSNLLGTTVEKL
  11 RPIFEWIEAKLSAGVEFLKDAWEILKFLITGVFDIVKGQIQVASDNIKDCVKCFIDVV
  12 NKALEMCIDQVTIAGAKLRSLNLGEVFIAQSKGLYRQCIRGKEQLQLLMPLKAPKEVT
  13 FLEGDSHDTVLTSEEVVLKNGELEALETPVDSFTNGAIVGTPVCVNGLMLLEIKDKEQ
  14 YCALSPGLLATNNVFRLKGGAPIKGVTFGEDTVWEVQGYKNVRITFELDERVDKVLNE
  15 KCSVYTVESGTEVTEFACVVAEAVVKTLQPVSDLLTNMGIDLDEWSVATFYLFDDAGE
  16 ENFSSRMYCSFYPPDEEEEDDAECEEEEIDETCEHEYGTEDDYQGLPLEFGASAETVR
  17 VEEEEEEDWLDDTTEQSEIEPEPEPTPEEPVNQFTGYLKLTDNVAIKCVDIVKEAQSA
  18 NPMVIVNAANIHLKHGGGVAGALNKATNGAMQKESDDYIKLNGPLTVGGSCLLSGHNL
  19 AKKCLHVVGPNLNAGEDIQLLKAAYENFNSQDILLAPLLSAGIFGAKPLQSLQVCVQT
  20 VRTQVYIAVNDKALYEQVVMDYLDNLKPRVEAPKQEEPPNTEDSKTEEKSVVQKPVDV
  21 KPKIKACIDEVTTTLEETKFLTNKLLLFADINGKLYHDSQNMLRGEDMSFLEKDAPYM
  22 VGDVITSGDITCVVIPSKKAGGTTEMLSRALKKVPVDEYITTYPGQGCAGYTLEEAKT

  (2005-2006)
  Will Bird Flu mutate and transfer from human to human? Where did SARS go?

  
  Qual Organic Analyses:

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